Greg @gzero59

@sagaOptics Your photos compliment this puzzle perfectly. 👌🏼 Great post.

@MarcioJodi While the Northern Cape may feel safer due to lower population density, building a remote power station there would significantly raise transmission costs to deliver power to South Africa's major cities and load centers compared to sites closer to demand like the Eastern Cape

@Princymthombeni Stand your ground ! No history of indigenous cultures will be lost. No toxic contamination of the environment is evident, Koeberg has a nature reserve which people visit daily. No air pollution. Clean energy. Nuclear waste safely stored, deep underground. JOB CREATION !

Certain tree species avoid branch collisions, and this creating an almost perfect canopy symmetry.

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@Jungle_KL Moments like these 😌

One needs to zoom in on moss to really appreciate moss. Architecture of the tiny.

TinaClaffeyPhoto @TinaClaffey

2 weeks ago

The wonderful Sphagnum sporangium or capsule, its lid on the cusp of popping open to disperse thousands of precious spores into the breeze...what a beautiful little treasure within the living carpet of Fartrin bog, Co. Cavan @PeatlandConserv @ipspeatlands @MossSphagnum

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Maxillaria speciosa 🥀🦑 is a highly sought-after, large-flowered epiphyte orchid native to the cloud forests of Colombia and Ecuador. It is famous for its large, fragrant, spider-like flowers featuring uniquely elongated, twisted petals in yellow, white, and dark purple spots.

@NickDesnoyer @genewizeu Paint it black and introduce a heady fragrance perhaps? Or mess with the HAESA/HSL2 gene to trigger rapid petal abscission, to produce a profusion of fragrant petals? How far can you push the boundaries of your art ? 😁

An 80-year-old woman with advanced Alzheimer’s regained speech and mobility after taking psilocybin | Eric W Dolan, PsyPost A recently published case report in Frontiers in Neuroscience details how a high dose of psilocybin mushrooms appeared to temporarily restore specific daily functions and communication abilities in an individual with advanced Alzheimer’s disease. The findings suggest that certain brain networks might retain dormant capacities even in the late stages of neurodegeneration. This discovery opens new avenues for symptom management and provides a foundation for future clinical trials. The report was published in the medical literature alongside growing scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of psychedelic compounds. Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive brain condition that gradually impairs memory, thinking, and the ability to carry out daily tasks. In advanced stages, the condition tends to result in a severe loss of autonomy, limited communication, and a high reliance on caregivers. Current medical approaches for advanced Alzheimer’s disease focus largely on supportive care, as significant recovery of lost function is generally considered unlikely. Alzheimer’s disease involves a breakdown in neuroplasticity, which is the capacity of the brain to form new connections and adapt to internal and external changes. Patients experience a loss of synapses, the microscopic junctions where neurons communicate, alongside an accumulation of specific proteins and increased brain inflammation. Patients with Alzheimer’s disease also frequently experience depression and anxiety, which can accelerate their cognitive decline. To explore alternative ways to manage these profound symptoms, a team of researchers explored the use of psilocybin. Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic compound found in certain species of so-called “magic” mushrooms. Marcos Lago, a psychiatrist and independent clinical researcher at his private practice in São Paulo, Brazil, led the observation. He noted that the case emerged organically during routine patient care. “My clinical work with psilocybin, together with my interest in consciousness, neuroplasticity, and preserved functional capacity in severe neurological illness, led me to consider whether some abilities might remain present but inaccessible in advanced Alzheimer’s disease,” Lago said. “This case arose in an individual clinical context, and we decided to document it scientifically because the changes observed after the session were unexpected and involved several functional domains.” The researchers cited a 2024 review article, which noted that when ingested, psilocybin is metabolized into an active compound called psilocin. This active compound crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to a specific type of serotonin receptor known as the 5-HT2A receptor. Activation of this receptor suggests a potential to stimulate neuroplasticity and temporarily alter large-scale brain networks. One such network is the default mode network, a group of connected brain regions associated with mind-wandering, self-reflection, and depression. Preclinical models provide evidence that psilocin can promote the growth of new dendritic spines, which are the branching structures on neurons that help transmit signals. This process involves the release of glutamate and the activation of specific proteins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor. This neurotrophic factor then triggers signaling pathways in the brain that support neuronal survival, growth, and the remodeling of synapses. Additionally, research suggests that psilocybin may help reduce neuroinflammation by modulating the activity of microglial cells, which act as the primary immune cells in the central nervous system. In Alzheimer’s disease, these immune cells often become overactive in response to protein deposits, worsening the damage to brain tissue. Psilocybin tends to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, potentially easing this damaging immune response. This capacity to induce structural and functional brain changes motivated the authors to observe how a high dose of psilocybin might impact a patient with severe dementia. Currently, clinical investigation of psilocybin has focused mostly on psychiatric disorders like severe depression. Very little clinical data exists regarding the use of psychedelic compounds in cases of advanced dementia. The research team observed a single patient, an 80-year-old Japanese-American woman, to document the physiological and behavioral effects of the intervention. She had experienced progressive cognitive and functional decline over a ten-year period, eventually leading to a clinical diagnosis of advanced Alzheimer’s disease. For the five years leading up to the study, she experienced marked physical and cognitive limitations that required constant management. Her baseline condition included chronic urinary incontinence, difficulty swallowing, an inability to walk independently, and a flat emotional affect. Her communication had become severely reduced, mostly consisting of monosyllabic speech and a profound lack of spontaneous social interaction. She required continuous family supervision and caregiver support for all her basic activities of daily living, including dressing and eating. The researchers administered a single oral dose of five grams of psilocybin-containing mushrooms, specifically using a cultivated strain known as Enigma. The intervention was observational and exploratory in nature, as there is currently no established dosing framework for psilocybin in advanced dementia. The authors selected a relatively high dose based on previous observations of how psychedelic effects impact neurobehavioral states and the duration of those effects. During the acute phase of the intervention, the patient experienced several strong physical and autonomic reactions. These reactions included profuse sweating, suspected elevated body temperature, and a prolonged state resembling deep sleep. Approximately 19 hours after the administration of the mushrooms, a notable change occurred when the patient spontaneously woke up and initiated an autobiographical conversation that lasted for several hours. Over the following days and weeks, the researchers documented multiple functional improvements across several cognitive and physical domains. The patient regained urinary continence, a function she had lacked for five years, and she began to walk independently. She also demonstrated the ability to dress herself autonomously and showed increased emotional responsiveness, including making sustained eye contact and smiling at her family members. “What surprised us most was the multidomain nature of the changes,” Lago told PsyPost. “The patient showed spontaneous autobiographical conversation, improved social interaction and recognition, better mobility, and improvement in urinary continence after having been severely impaired for several years.” “Any one of these changes might have been interpreted as a fluctuation, but their convergence across several domains made the observation particularly striking,” Lago added. “Nevertheless, these outcomes were primarily clinical and observational rather than measured using standardized neuropsychological instruments.” The patient also exhibited improvements in working memory and episodic memory. For example, she successfully recognized vehicles and asked contextual questions about where specific individuals had gone. Because the improvements, particularly her urinary continence, persisted for a month, the team conducted a second supervised session using a lower dose of three grams of the mushrooms. During this second experience, the patient remained significantly more verbally expressive. She described positive emotional imagery, such as surfing with her son on a peaceful island. She also displayed spontaneous humor, improved facial expressions, increased walking agility, and explicitly stated that the experience was pleasant. “The story is remarkable because the patient reportedly had advanced Alzheimer’s with years of severe impairment, then showed transient gains. That is extraordinary. However, as a neuroscientist who studies serotonin 5-HT2A signaling, I am not surprised that a powerful serotonergic psychedelic could acutely reorganize brain network activity and temporarily reveal capacities that seemed lost,” Dustin Hines, an associate professor of psychology at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, who was not involved in the study, told Medical News Today. While these observations document an unusual functional recovery, the authors note several limitations inherent to the design of the report. A case report involves only a single individual, meaning the findings cannot be automatically generalized to all patients with Alzheimer’s disease. The study also lacked formal clinical monitoring tools, such as brain imaging, quantitative sleep tracking, or standardized cognitive tests. “There are several major limitations,” Lago said. “This was a single case without a control group or placebo condition, so causality cannot be established and the findings cannot be generalized to other patients. The outcomes were based largely on clinical observation and caregiver reports, and we did not have neuroimaging, biomarkers, or standardized cognitive testing capable of demonstrating the underlying mechanism.” The natural course of neurodegenerative diseases can sometimes include spontaneous fluctuations in a patient’s cognitive and physical state. These natural variations cannot be entirely ruled out as a factor in her temporary improvement. Additionally, the type of substance used introduces variability. “In addition, mushroom preparations do not provide the same precise dose standardization as pharmaceutical-grade psilocybin,” Lago said. The researchers advise against misinterpreting these observations as a cure or a reversal of Alzheimer’s pathology. The underlying physical damage to the brain, such as the buildup of amyloid and tau proteins, was not measured and is not assumed to have been resolved. The case mainly provides evidence that latent functional capacities might still exist in the brain even during late-stage neurodegeneration. “The main takeaway is not that psilocybin has been proven to treat Alzheimer’s disease,” Lago said. “Rather, this single case raises the possibility that some functional abilities may remain temporarily accessible even in advanced disease, suggesting that severe dementia may not always represent the complete and irreversible loss of every previously acquired capacity.” “At the same time, this is only one case and should be understood as a hypothesis-generating observation, not as evidence of an established treatment,” Lago added. “This was not a clinical trial, and the report should not be interpreted as evidence that psilocybin is effective or safe for people with Alzheimer’s disease.” Case reports are highly useful in the medical field for generating new hypotheses and pointing scientists toward unexplored areas of study. The transient improvements seen in this patient suggest that dormant capacities can become temporarily accessible under specific conditions that alter brain network dynamics. The authors advise that systematic, controlled clinical trials are now needed to better understand the safety, efficacy, and mechanisms of psilocybin for individuals with advanced dementia. “The appropriate next step would be formal, prospective research conducted under ethical and regulatory oversight,” Lago said. “Initial studies should focus primarily on safety and feasibility, using carefully selected participants, standardized preparations, objective cognitive and functional measures, longer follow-up, and, when possible, neuroimaging and biological markers.” The scientists hope to identify the physiological factors driving this phenomenon. “The broader scientific question is whether residual functional networks can be temporarily re-engaged in advanced neurodegenerative disease and, if so, under what conditions,” Lago added. The authors caution that this report is strictly observational and carries potential risks. “Families and patients should not interpret this report as a recommendation for unsupervised use,” Lago said. “Older adults with advanced neurodegenerative disease may have substantial medical vulnerability, and the safety profile of psilocybin in this population remains largely unknown.” “The value of this case is that it identifies a phenomenon worthy of careful investigation,” Lago added. “It does not provide a clinical protocol or establish a treatment.” Similarly, writing for The Conversation, Rahul Sidhu of the University of Sheffield said that there “are important reasons for caution.” “Psilocybin is not risk-free. Psychedelic experiences can be frightening and disorienting, particularly for vulnerable people. Older adults may face increased risks of falls, heart and circulation problems and interactions with medications.” “The woman experienced heavy sweating, suspected high body temperature and a prolonged sleep-like state. The absence of lasting complications does not establish that the approach is safe. It would be dangerous to interpret the report as a reason to experiment with psychedelic mushrooms outside a closely supervised research or clinical setting.” In a related effort to understand how psychedelics affect the aging brain, researchers at the UC Berkeley Center for the Science of Psychedelics recently launched the PLASTICITY study, the first psychedelic neuroimaging trial specifically focused on healthy older adults. Because older populations have been largely excluded from modern psychedelic research, this study will investigate whether synthetic psilocybin can enhance neuroplasticity and counteract the structural brain changes associated with aging. Participants between the ages of 60 and 85 will receive 1 to 30 milligrams of psilocybin, with researchers using advanced MRI and cognitive testing before and after the intervention to track changes in memory, perception, and emotional regulation. The interdisciplinary team hopes to determine if the positive brain changes observed in animal models translate to humans, potentially offering new strategies to promote successful aging, improve mental well-being, and mitigate cognitive decline. Read more: psypost.org/an-80-year-old…

More head scratching moments from H naledi. Will we ever know what actually happened deep down in those dark cave systems, a quarter of a million years ago? As multiple mysteries stack up like clues in crime scene, we can't even tell if there was a crime at all.

Chris Stringer @ChrisStringer65

3 weeks ago

Why were mysterious ancient humans found in an African cave all female? | Science science.org/content/articl…

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Tracing Technological Traditions Through Personal Ornaments: Steatite Ornament Production in Neolithic and Copper Age Italy doi.org/10.1007/s10816…

It's actually easy.

Great thread here.

LM Cunningham @PaleoLaura

3 weeks ago

Highlighting cheirolepid conifers in this thread! Extinct but important family of conifers that dominated many dinosaur habitats during Mesozoic times. Deinonychus, cheirolepid trees and cycadeoids, colored pencil on paper #paleobotany #paleoart 🧵

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Homo naledi just keeps on delivering. Now this!

Lee R Berger @LeeRberger

3 weeks ago

iflscience.com/its-almost-cer…

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@Wenbo77 That's quite a re-sprouter !! 24 to 72 hours for the sprouting to emerge or to get to the size indicated in the pics?

#Jordan #Arabia #Palaeolithic New preprint! Southern Jordan is a critical but understudied piece of the Palaeolithic puzzle, sitting where the Levant meets Northern Arabia🇸🇦. We report preliminary results from Jurf ed-Darawish @ICArEHB @Arduq_Arabia researchsquare.com/article/rs-101…

Delving into the mind of H naledi. Endocasts are possitive realisations (casts) of the negative space inside an empty cranium (mold) Once produced by filling the space with latex rubber or plaster and then removing the cranium, but technology changed that. Now, we scan.

Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 🦖💕 (he/him) @TomHoltzPaleo

4 weeks ago

Cofran, Z., Hurst, S. & Hawks, J. Brain structure and function in Homo naledi. Brain Struct Funct 231, 89 (2026). doi.org/10.1007/s00429…

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'Thus, the relatively enlarged orbitofrontal region and derived IFG anatomy of H. naledi could represent the neural substrates through which individuals engaged in ‘advanced’ behaviors requiring imagining, planning, and executing large action sequences. It is tempting to speculate further, e.g., that H. naledi may be at least partially responsible for the contemporaneous Middle Stone Age (Berger et al. 2017)'

Thomas R. Holtz, Jr. 🦖💕 (he/him) @TomHoltzPaleo

4 weeks ago

Cofran, Z., Hurst, S. & Hawks, J. Brain structure and function in Homo naledi. Brain Struct Funct 231, 89 (2026). doi.org/10.1007/s00429…

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Scientists have mapped the entire neural network of the fruit fly. 50 million synapses between 139,000 neurons.

Stachys lavandulifolia Vahl (Lamiaceae) Mazandaran, Iran Elevation: 2,200m | June 2025 Locally known as Chāy-e Chupān (Shepherd's Tea)this aromatic medicinal herb has vanished from many of its natural habitats across Iran due to unsustainable harvesting pressure #medicinalplant

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